Standard PS.4 The Periodic Table & Bonding
The student will investigate and understand how to use the periodic table of elements to obtain information. Key concepts include
• symbols, atomic numbers, atomic mass, chemical families, periods, valence numbers, metals, metalloids, and nonmetals; and
• binary compounds (chemical activity, physical properties, formulas, and nature of bonding).
Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Synthetic Synthetic
Alkali metals Alkali metals Alkali earth metals Alkali earth metals Transition metals Transition metals Rare earth metals Rare earth metals
Other metals Other metals Noble gases Noble gases Halogens Halogens Other nonmetals Other nonmetals
• There are more than 110 known elements. No element with an atomic number greater than 92 is found in measurable quantities on Earth. The remaining elements are artificially produced in a laboratory setting. Elements combine in many ways to produce compounds that make up all substances on Earth.
• The periodic table of elements is a tool used to organize information about the elements. Each box in the periodic table contains information about an element.
• The periodic table of elements is an arrangement of elements according to atomic number and properties. The information can be used to predict chemical reactivity. The boxes for all of the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number.
•  The elements have an increasing nonmetallic character as you read from left to right across the table. Along the stair-step line are the metalloids, which have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
 

•  The vertical columns in the table are called groups or families. Elements in each group have similar properties because they have the same number of electrons in the outermost energy level.

 

The horizontal rows are called periods.

• Atoms react to form chemically stable substances that are held together by chemical bonds and are represented by chemical formulas. To become chemically stable, atoms gain, lose, or share electrons. Binary compounds are formed when two elements react chemically.

• When a metallic element reacts with a nonmetallic element, their atoms gain and lose electrons respectively, forming ionic bonds. • Generally, when two nonmetals react, atoms share electrons, forming covalent (molecular) bonds.

(use the periodic table to obtain the following information about the atom of an element:
- symbol
- atomic number
- atomic mass
- state of matter at room temperature
- number of outer energy level (valence) electrons.)
(describe the organization of the periodic table in terms of
- atomic number
- metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
- groups/families vs. periods.)
 (given a chemical formula, identify the elements and the number of atoms of each; recognize that the number of electrons in the outermost energy level determines an element’s chemical properties or chemical reactivity; predict what kind of bond forms (ionic or covalent) when two specific elements combine chemically.)