STANDARD US1.9c

STANDARD US1.9d Civil War Leaders
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil War by d) describing the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, and Frederick Douglass in events leading to and during the war.
*Who are considered leaders of the Civil War?*
*How did Lincoln’s view of the nature of the Union differ from Lee’s?*
• Abraham Lincoln – Was President of the United States – Opposed the spread of slavery – Issued the Emancipation Proclamation – Determined to preserve the Union—by force if necessary – Believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states – Wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”	• Robert E. Lee – Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia – Was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war but chose not to fight against Virginia – Opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force – Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on.
• Ulysses S. Grant – Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee • Frederick Douglass – Was a former slave who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist	• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia • Jefferson Davis – Was president of the Confederate States of America
STANDARD US1.9e Major Civil War Battles
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil War by e) using maps to explain critical developments in the war, including major battles.
Where did critical events of the Civil War take place? Where were the major battles fought?	What are the ways location and topography influenced important developments in the war, including major battles?
Major battles and events • The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C., began the war. • The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was the first major battle. • The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the war. Many freed slaves joined the Union army. • The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River. • The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee’s invasion. • Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war.	Influence of location and topography on critical developments in the war • The Union blockade of southern ports (e.g., Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans) • Control of the Mississippi River (e.g., Vicksburg) • Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (e.g., Richmond; Washington, D.C.) • Control of the high ground (e.g., Gettysburg)
STANDARD US1.9f Civil War Perspectives (white & black soldiers on both sides, women, slaves)
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil War by f) describing the effects of war from the perspectives of Union and Confederate soldiers (including black soldiers), women, and slaves.
What hardships were experienced during the Civil War? How did the Civil War change the lives of soldiers, women, and slaves?
Life on the battlefield and on the home front was extremely harsh. Many died from disease and exposure.
General effects of the war • Families and friends were often pitted against one another. • Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed. • Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (e.g., burning of Atlanta and Richmond). • Disease was a major killer. • Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross. • Combat was brutal and often man-to-man. • Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. • The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless.	Effects of the war on African Americans • African Americans fought in both the Confederate and Union armies. • The Confederacy often used slaves as naval crew members and soldiers. • The Union moved to enlist African American sailors early in the war. • African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. • African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. • Robert Smalls, a sailor and later a Union naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War.