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STANDARD US1.2a |
| Continents are large land masses surrounded by water. What are the seven continents? 
Continents |
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STANDARD US1.2b Regions of North America |
| Where are the geographic regions of North America located? What are some physical characteristics of the geographic regions of North America?  Geographic regionslocations and physical characteristics Coastal Plain Located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Broad lowland providing many excellent harbors Appalachian Mountains Rocky Mountains |
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STANDARD US1.2c Rivers |
| The United States has access to numerous and varied bodies
of water. Bodies of water support interaction among regions, form borders, and create links to other areas. What are the major bodies of water in the United States?  What are some ways bodies of water in the United States have supported interaction and created links to other regions? Trade, transportation, and settlement The location of the United States, with its Atlantic and Pacific coasts, has provided access to other areas of the world. Major bodies of water Oceans: Atlantic, Pacific Rivers: Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Columbia, Colorado, Rio Grande Lakes: Great Lakes Gulf: Gulf of Mexico The Atlantic Ocean served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants. The Ohio River was the gateway to the west. Inland port cities grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers were the transportation arteries for farm and industrial products. They were links to ports and other parts of the world. The Columbia River was explored by Lewis and Clark. The Colorado River was explored by the Spanish. The Rio Grande forms the border with Mexico. The Pacific Ocean was an early exploration route. The Gulf of Mexico provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America. |
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STANDARD US1.3a,b American Indians |
In which
areas did the American Indians (First Americans) live? Prior to the arrival of Europeans, American Indians (First Americans) were dispersed across different environments in North America. Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year. Kwakiutl inhabited the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate. Sioux inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains and characterized by dry grasslands. Pueblo inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains. Iroquois inhabited northeast North America, the Eastern Woodland, which is heavily forested. How did geography and climate affect the way American Indian (First American) groups met their basic needs? The American Indians (First Americans) fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood). |
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STANDARD US1.4a Exploration |
| Major
European countries were in competition to extend their power into North
America and claim the land as their own. Why did European countries compete for power in North America? Motivating forces for exploration EconomicGold, natural resources, and trade ReligiousSpread of Christianity Competitions for empire and belief in superiority of own culture What were the obstacles faced by the explorers? Obstacles to exploration Poor maps and navigational tools Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies What were the accomplishments of the explorations?  Accomplishments of exploration Exchanged goods and ideas Improved navigational tools and ships Claimed territories (see individual countries below) What regions of North America were explored and settled by France, England, and Spain? Regions of North America explored by Spain, France, and England Spain Francisco Coronado claimed southwest United States for Spain. France Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec. Robert La Salle claimed the Mississippi River Valley. England John Cabot explored eastern Canada. What regions were explored by Portugal? Regions explored by Portugal The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along West Africa. |
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STANDARD US1.4b,c Interactions with American
Indians |
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How did the American Indians (First Americans) and
Europeans interact with each other?
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STANDARD US1.5a Events Leading to Colonization |
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Why did Europeans establish colonies in North America?
Colonies and the reasons they were established |
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STANDARD US1.5b,c,d Life in the New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies |
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*How did climate and
geographic features distinguish the three regions from
each other? |
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| New England | Mid-Atlantic | South | |
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Geography and climate Appalachian Mountains, Boston harbor, hilly terrain, rocky soil, jagged coastline Moderate summers, cold winters |
Geography and climate Appalachian Mountains, coastal lowlands (harbors and bays, wide and deep rivers), rich farmlands Moderate climate |
Geography and climate Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain, good harbors, rivers Humid climate |
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Economy Fishing, shipbuilding industry and naval supplies, trade and port cities Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers |
Economy Livestock and grain, trading Unskilled and skilled workers and fishermen |
Economy Large farms/plantations, cash crops, wood products, small farms Slavery |
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| Social
life Village and church as center of life Religious reformers and separatists |
Social
life Villages and cities Varied and diverse lifestyles Diverse religions |
Social
life Plantations (slavery), mansions, indentured servants, few cities, few schools Church of England |
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Political and civic life Town meetings |
Political and civic life Market towns |
Political and civic life Counties |
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| How did
peoples lives vary among different social groups in
colonial America? The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied depending on their social position. |
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Large landowners Lived predominately in the South Relied on indentured servants and/or slaves for labor Were educated in some cases Had rich social culture |
Farmers Worked the land according to the region Relied on family members for labor |
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Artisans Worked as craftsmen in towns and on the plantation Lived in small villages and cities |
Women Worked as caretakers, house-workers, homemakers Could not vote Had few chances for an education |
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Indentured servants Consisted of men and women who did not have money for passage to the colonies and who agreed to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage Were free at the end of their contract |
Slaves Were captured in their native Africa and sold to slave traders, then were shipped to the colonies where they were sold into slavery Were owned as property for life with no rights Were often born into slavery (Children of slaves were born into slavery.) |
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How did England impose its
political and economic control over the colonies? |
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STANDARD US1.6a Dissatisfaction leads to Revolution |
| What steps did
England take to increase control over its colonies? Why did many colonists become dissatisfied with Englands control over the colonies? As England expanded control over the American colonies, many colonists became dissatisfied and rebellious. Englands reasons for control England desired to remain a world power. England imposed taxes, such as the Stamp Act, to raise necessary revenue to pay the cost of the French and Indian War. Englands reasons for taxation To help finance the French and Indian War To help with the maintaining of English troops in the colonies Sources of colonial dissatisfaction Colonies had no representation in Parliament. Some colonists resented power of colonial governors. England wanted strict control over colonial legislatures. Colonies opposed taxes. The Proclamation of l763 hampered the western movement of settlers. |
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STANDARD US1.6b Dissatisfaction Leads to Revolution |
| What
ideas/philosophies about government were expressed in
the Declaration of Independence? New political ideas led to a desire for independence and democratic government in the American colonies. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed independence from England. It stated that people have natural (inherent) rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Ideas of John Locke People have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Government is created to protect the rights of people and has only the limited and specific powers the people consent to give it. Key philosophies in the Declaration of Independence People have certain unalienable rights (rights that cannot be taken away)life, liberty, pursuit of happiness. People establish government to protect those rights. Government derives power from the people. People have a right and a duty to change a government that violates their rights. |
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STANDARD US1.6c Key People and Events in the Revolutionary War |
| Who were some of the key individuals in
the Revolutionary War? What role did key individuals play in the
Revolutionary War? What were some of the key events that occurred during the Revolutionary War period? Key individuals King George III: British king during the Revolutionary era Lord Cornwallis: British general who surrendered at Yorktown John Adams: Championed the cause of independence George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army Thomas Jefferson: Major author of the Declaration of Independence Patrick Henry: Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with Give me liberty or give me death speech Benjamin Franklin: Prominent member of Continental Congress; helped frame the Declaration of Independence Thomas Paine: Journalist, author of Common Sense Other important individuals Phyllis Wheatley: A former slave who wrote poems and plays supporting American independence Paul Revere: Patriot who made a daring ride to warn colonists of British arrival; cried The British are coming! Key Events Boston Massacre: Colonists in Boston were shot after taunting British soldiers. Boston Tea Party: Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes. First Continental Congress: Delegates from all colonies met to discuss problems with England and to promote independence. Battle of Lexington and Concord: This was the site of the first armed conflict of the Revolutionary War. Approval of the Declaration of Independence: Colonies declared independence from England (July 4, 1776). Battle of Saratoga: This American victory was the turning point in the war. Surrender at Yorktown: This was the colonial victory over forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked the end of the Revolutionary War. Signing of the Treaty of Paris: England recognized American independence in this treaty. |
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STANDARD US1.7a Weak Government Under Articles of Confederation |
| What were the basic weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation? The Articles of Confederation was a constitution written during the American Revolution to establish the powers of the new national government Articles of Confederation |
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STANDARD US1.7b Basic Principles of our New Gov't Established by Constitution |
| What were the basic principles of
governments stated in the Constitution of the United States of America and
Bill of Rights? The Constitution of the United
States of America established a federal system of government based on power
shared between the national and state governments. Terms to know |
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STANDARD US1.7c Political Parties Emerge |
| What were the major differences between
Hamilton and Jefferson? Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposing views on the role of the national government. That opposition resulted in the creation of two political parties. The debate over the role of the national government has continued throughout United States history. Major party differences Alexander Hamilton Leader of Federalists Favored strong national government Favored limits on states powers Favored development of industry on a national scale Favored a national bank Thomas Jefferson Leader of the Democratic Republicans Favored a weak national government Supported states powers Favored small business and farmers Opposed a national bank |
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STANDARD US1.7d Accomplishments of the First Five Presidents |
| What were the major national issues and
events faced by the first five presidents? Congress and the first five presidents made decisions establishing a strong government that helped the nation grow in size and power. All of the first five presidents were Virginians except John Adams. Accomplishments during first five presidencies George Washington Federal court system was established. Political parties grew out of the disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson over the proper role of the national government. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution of the United States of America. Plans were initiated for development of the national capital in Washington, D.C. Benjamin Banneker, an African American astronomer and surveyor, helped complete the design for the city. John Adams A two-party system emerged during his administration. Thomas Jefferson He bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase). Lewis and Clark explored this new land west of the Mississippi River. James Madison The War of l812 caused European nations to gain respect for the United States. James Monroe He wrote the Monroe Doctrine warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. |
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STANDARD US1.8a Westward Expansion |
| What new territories became part of the
United States between 1801 and 1861? Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. New territories added to the United States after 1801 Louisiana Purchase Jefferson bought land from France (the Louisiana Purchase), which doubled the size of the United States. In the Lewis and Clark expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the Louisiana Purchase from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Florida Spain gave Florida to the United States through a treaty. Texas Texas was added after it became an independent republic. Oregon The Oregon Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain. California War with Mexico resulted in California and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States. |
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STANDARD US1.8b Westward Expansion - Geographic and Economic Factors |
| What factors influenced westward
migration? Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity Geographic and economic factors that influenced westward movement Population growth in the eastern states Availability of cheap, fertile land Economic opportunity, e.g., gold (California Gold Rush), logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves) Cheaper and faster transportation, e.g., rivers and canals (Erie Canal), steamboats Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon and Santa Fe) Belief in the right of Manifest DestinyThe idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country |
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STANDARD US1.8c Impact of Inventions |
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How did the inventions affect the lives of Americans? Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. New technologies The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. It increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton. Jo Anderson (a slave) and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent the reaper. The reaper increased the productivity of the American farmer. The steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton. It provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations and farms to Northern industries. The steam locomotive provided faster land transportation. |
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STANDARD US1.8d Abolitionist and Suffrage Movements |
| What were the main ideas expressed by the
abolitionists? The abolitionists worked to end slavery. What were the main ideas expressed during the suffrage movement? The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights. Abolitionist movement Most abolitionists demanded immediate freeing of the slaves. Abolitionists believed that slavery was wrong. Morally wrong Cruel and inhumane A violation of the principles of democracy Abolitionist leaders included both men and women. Harriet Tubman William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass Suffrage movement Supporters declared that All men and women are created equal. Supporters believed that women were deprived of basic rights. Denied the right to vote Denied educational opportunities, especially higher education Denied equal opportunities in business Limited in rights to own property The movement was led by strong women who began their campaign before the Civil War and continued after the war had ended. Isabel Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
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STANDARD US1.9a Issues Dividing the Nation |
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| The student will
demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil
War by a) describing the cultural, economic, and constitutional issues that divided the nation. |
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| How did cultural, economical,
and constitutional issues create bitter divisions between the North and the
South? Cultural, economic, and constitutional differences between the North and the South eventually resulted in the Civil War. Issues that divided the nation Slavery While there were several differences between the North and the South, the issues related to slavery increasingly divided the nation and led to the Civil War. Cultural The North was mainly an urban society in which people held jobs. The South was primarily an agricultural society in which people lived in small villages and on farms and plantations. Because of their cultural differences, people of the North and South found it difficult to agree on social and political issues. Economic The North was a manufacturing region, and its people favored tariffs that protected factory owners and workers from foreign competition. Southerners opposed tariffs that would cause prices of manufactured goods to increase. Planters were also concerned that England might stop buying cotton from the South if tariffs were added. Constitutional A major conflict was states rights versus strong central government. |
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STANDARD US1.9b States' Rights and Slavery |
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| The student will
demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil
War by b) explaining how the issues of states rights and slavery increased sectional tensions. |
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| How did the issues of states
rights and slavery increase sectional tension between the North and South? The South feared that the North would take control of Congress, and Southerners began to proclaim states rights as a means of self-protection. The North believed that the nation was a union and could not be divided. While the Civil War did not begin as a war to abolish slavery, issues surrounding slavery deeply divided the nation. Issues that divided the nation An important issue separating the country related to the power of the Federal government. Southerners believed that they had the power to declare any national law illegal. Northerners believed that the national governments power was supreme over that of the states. Southerners felt that the abolition of slavery would destroy their regions economy. Northerners believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons. Compromises attempting to resolve differences Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri was a slave state; Maine, a free state. Compromise of l850: California was a free state. Southwest territories would decide about slavery. Kansas-Nebraska Act: People decided the slavery issue (popular sovereignty). Southern secession Following Lincolns election, the southern states seceded from the Union. Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Lincoln and many Northerners believed that the United States was one nation that could not be separated or divided. Most Southerners believed that states had freely created and joined the union and could freely leave it. |
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STANDARD US1.9c South Secedes |
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| Southern states that were
dependent upon labor-intensive cash crops seceded from the Union.
Northernmost slave states (border states) stayed in the Union. Which states seceded from the Union? States that seceded from the Union Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia |
Which four slave states stayed in the
Union? States remaining in the Union Border states (slave states) Delaware Kentucky Maryland Missouri Where were the other states that remained in the Union located? Free States California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont West Virginia (Western counties of Virginia that refused to secede from the Union) Wisconsin |
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STANDARD US1.9d Civil War Leaders |
| Who are considered leaders of the Civil
War? How did Lincolns view of the nature of the Union differ from Lees? Roles of Civil War leaders Abraham Lincoln Was President of the United States Opposed the spread of slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Determined to preserve the Unionby force if necessary Believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states Wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Jefferson Davis Was president of the Confederate States of America Ulysses S. Grant Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee Robert E. Lee Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war but chose not to fight against Virginia Opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on Thomas Stonewall Jackson Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia Frederick Douglass Was a former slave who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist |
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STANDARD US1.10a The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments |
| What are the basic provisions of the
13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments? The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments address the issues of slavery and guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens. Basic
provisions of the Amendments |
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STANDARD US1.10b Effects of Reconstruction on the South |
| What were the Reconstruction policies for
the South? The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former slaves had achieved. Reconstruction policies and problems Southern military leaders could not hold office. Southerners resented northern carpetbaggers, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction. African Americans held public office. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement. Northern soldiers supervised the South. |
