DNA

• DNA is a double helix molecule.
• DNA is a molecule that includes different components — sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphates. The arrangement of the nitrogenous bases within the double helix forms a chemical code.
• Chromosomes are strands of tightly wound DNA. Genes are sections of a chromosome that carry the code for a particular trait. An allele is an alternate form of a gene.
• recognize the appearance of DNA as double helix in shape.
• explain that DNA contains coded instructions that store and pass on genetic information from one generation to the next.
• explain the necessity of DNA replication for the continuity of life.
• explain the relationship among genes, chromosomes, and alleles.

Genetic Inheritance

• The basic laws of Mendelian genetics explain the transmission of most traits that can be inherited from generation to generation.
• A Punnett square is a model used to predict the possible combinations of inherited factors resulting from single trait crosses.
• demonstrate variation within a single genetic trait.

• distinguish between dominant and recessive traits.
• use Punnett squares to predict the possible combinations of inherited factors resulting from single trait crosses.
• Dominant traits mask the expression (phenotype) of recessive traits.
• Genotype is the specific combination of dominant and recessive gene forms.
• Traits that are expressed through genes can be inherited.
• distinguish between genotype and phenotype.
• differentiate between characteristics that can be inherited and those that cannot be inherited.
• Characteristics that are acquired through environmental influences, such as injuries or practiced skills, cannot be inherited.
• In genetic engineering, the genetic code is manipulated to obtain a desired product.
• Genetic engineering has numerous practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and biology.


• identify aspects of genetic engineering and supply examples of applications. Evaluate the examples for possible controversial aspects.
• describe the contributions of Mendel, Franklin, Watson, and Crick to our basic understanding of genetics.