SOL PS.5 Energy

PS.5 Energy Physical Science Middle Home

SOL PS.5 Energy is transformed & conserved
PS.5 Energy is conserved. Key ideas include energy can be stored in different ways; energy is transferred and transformed energy can be transformed to meet societal needs Energy can be stored in different ways Energy is the ability to cause change. Energy can be transferred between components in a system and transformed from one form to another. Energy exists in two states: potential and kinetic. POTENTIAL ENERGY is energy based on position or chemical composition. Potential energy can be in the form of chemical energy (energy in bonds), nuclear energy (the energy that holds the nucleus of an atom together), elastic energy (energy in objects that have a restorative force, such as springs or rubber bands) and gravitational potential energy (energy of place or position) . KINETIC ENERGY is energy of motion. Kinetic is the motion of waves electrons molecules an object When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time IMPORTANT FORMS OF ENERGY include radiant thermal chemical electrical mechanical nuclear Visible light is a form of radiant energy and sound is a form of mechanical energy . Energy is transferred and transformed The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another. In any energy transfer and transformation, some of the energy goes into the environment as thermal energy. Thermal energy is transferred by conduction by convection by radiation The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature . Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances due to a difference in temperature. As thermal energy is added, the temperature of a substance increases. The exception is when a phase change occurs . A change in state (phase change) occurs when thermal energy is added or taken away from a system. There is no change in temperature during a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, vaporizing) as this energy is being used to make or break bonds between molecules . Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones . Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance. Increased temperature means greater kinetic energy of the molecules in the substance being measured, and most substances expand when heated. The temperature of absolute zero (-273oC/0 K) is the theoretical temperature at which molecular motion stops. The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment . Energy can be transformed to meet societal needs Energy and fuels that humans use derive from natural sources, and their use affects the environment in multiple ways. Some resources are renewable over time and others are not. Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geological processes. Renewable energy resources, and the technologies to exploit them, are being rapidly developed. Electrical energy is produced through a series of energy transformations from a variety of original forms which include coal, oil, solar, nuclear, wind, biomass, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. This energy can be released by joining nuclei together (fusion) or by splitting nuclei (fission), resulting in the conversion of minute amounts of matter into energy. In nuclear reactions, a small amount of matter produces a large amount of energy. However, there are potential negative effects of using nuclear energy, including the dangers of radioactive nuclear waste storage and disposal. You should know the following identify the energy transformations that occur between radiant energy in sunlight and the food we eat plan and conduct an investigation related to energy transfer through conduction, convection, and radiation compare Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales and use them to describe absolute zero explain absolute zero in terms of molecular movement (kinetic energy) use scientific principles to explain the function of a thermometer analyze a time/temperature graph of a phase change to determine the temperature at which the phase change occurs (freezing point, melting point, or boiling point)

SOL PS.5 Energy is transformed & conserved

energy can be stored in different ways;
energy is transferred and transformed
energy can be transformed to meet societal needs

Energy can be stored in different ways

Energy is the ability to cause change.
Energy can be transferred between components in a system and transformed from one form to another.
Energy exists in two states: potential and kinetic.
POTENTIAL ENERGY is energy based on position or chemical composition.
Potential energy can be in the form of
- chemical energy (energy in bonds),
- nuclear energy (the energy that holds the nucleus of an atom together),
- elastic energy (energy in objects that have a restorative force, such as springs or rubber bands) and
- gravitational potential energy (energy of place or position) .

KINETIC ENERGY is energy of motion.
Kinetic is the motion of
- waves
- electrons
- molecules
- an object
When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time

IMPORTANT FORMS OF ENERGY include
- radiant
- thermal
- chemical
- electrical
- mechanical
- nuclear
- Visible light is a form of radiant energy and
- sound is a form of mechanical energy .

Energy is transferred and transformed

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another.
In any energy transfer and transformation, some of the energy goes into the environment as thermal energy.
Thermal energy is transferred by
- conduction
- by convection
- by radiation
The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature .
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances due to a difference in temperature.
As thermal energy is added, the temperature of a substance increases.
The exception is when a phase change occurs .

A change in state (phase change) occurs when thermal energy is added or taken away from a system.
There is no change in temperature during a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, vaporizing) as this energy is being used to make or break bonds between molecules .
Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones .
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance.
Increased temperature means greater kinetic energy of the molecules in the substance being measured, and most substances expand when heated.
The temperature of absolute zero (-273oC/0 K) is the theoretical temperature at which molecular motion stops.
The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment .

Energy can be transformed to meet societal needs

Energy and fuels that humans use derive from natural sources, and their use affects the environment in multiple ways.
Some resources are renewable over time and others are not.
Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources.
Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes.
These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geological processes.
Renewable energy resources, and the technologies to exploit them, are being rapidly developed.
Electrical energy is produced through a series of energy transformations from a variety of original forms which include coal, oil, solar, nuclear, wind, biomass, and natural gas.
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.
This energy can be released by joining nuclei together (fusion) or by splitting nuclei (fission), resulting in the conversion of minute amounts of matter into energy.
In nuclear reactions, a small amount of matter produces a large amount of energy.
However, there are potential negative effects of using nuclear energy, including the dangers of radioactive nuclear waste storage and disposal.

identify the energy transformations that occur between radiant energy in sunlight and the food we eat
plan and conduct an investigation related to energy transfer through conduction, convection, and radiation
compare Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales and use them to describe absolute zero
explain absolute zero in terms of molecular movement (kinetic energy)
use scientific principles to explain the function of a thermometer
analyze a time/temperature graph of a phase change to determine the temperature at which the phase change occurs (freezing point, melting point, or boiling point)